Effect of Soil Water Availability on Physiological Parameters, Yield, and Seed Quality in Four Quinoa Genotypes (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

Drought represents significant environmental stress, and improving agriculture water management and yield is a priority goal. The effect of diminishing soil water content in the grain filling (GF) stage, throughout physiological maturity (GM), on the yield and grain quality, leaf water potential (LWP), and maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) in four long photoperiod quinoa genotypes was evaluated in the South-Central zone of Chile, during the 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 seasons. Five irrigation treatments (T) were established. Irrigation was carried out when the available water (AW) of the root zone reached values of 100%, 70%, 40%, 20%, and 0%. The lowest LWP values were obtained by T20 and T0 (-1.95 MPa). The 'Morado' genotype reached the lowest LWP at both seasons, while the highest average LWP was achieved by the 'AG 2010' (2014-2015) and 'Cahuil' genotypes (2015-2016). A global trend of Fv/Fm values was observed from GF to GM: 0.74 toward 0.79 (2014/2015), and 0.74 toward 0.82 (2015/2016). Only during the second season, Fv/Fm showed differences among irrigation treatments. Total average grain yields in the second season (2.97 t ha(-1)) were greater than those in the first season (1.43 t ha(-1)). In both seasons, the 'Cahuil' genotype and T100 reached the highest yields. A significative decrease in yield was observed when AW diminished. A direct relationship between seed yield and leaf water potential (Delta Y/Delta LWP) was found in all genotypes, varying between 5.53 ('Cahuil') and 2.86 t ha(-1) MPa-1 ('AG 2010'). Total proteins, albumins, and globulins varied between seasons, with almost no differences among irrigation treatments. Only the 'Morado' genotype showed a slight trend to obtain a higher content of total protein in both seasons. It is possible to grow quinoa under irrigation deficit conditions between GF throughout GM, maintaining yield parameters and nutritional quality.