Ethnicity and adolescent well-being in the context of families, friends, and neighborhoods

Adolescent mental well-being may be affected in various ways by the experience of migration. Socioeconomic resources and social support affect adolescent well-being, but little is known about the importance of such resources among ethnic groups in immediate versus more distant environments. The aim of this study is to explore ethnic differences in well-being by family affluence, social support and ethnic diversity at both individual and neighborhood levels. This study is a population-based cross-sectional survey and is a part of the international research network Health Behavior in School-Aged Children (HBSC). Participants were 11-, 13- and 15-year-old Icelandic students present in their school at the day of administration (N = 9565, 50% males) in 156 compulsory schools. The results show that while family and friend support is associated with greater adolescent well-being, foreign-origin adolescents benefit more from supportive parents than native-origin adolescents. The study shows that belonging to an affluent family benefits well-being, as well as belonging to an affluent neighborhood. Closer inspection shows that this neighborhood effect benefits adolescents of foreign-origin less. More attention should be paid to useful and approachable resources in the environment of native and foreign-origin adolescents and ways to better mobilize the resources within families and neighborhoods.