Occurrence of High Levels of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in Particulate Matter of the Ambient Air of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

There are no research reports on the presence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), in the ambient air of Saudi Arabia. POP emissions represent an environmental hazard negatively affecting public health and productivity. The complex interrelated sources and the heavy load of air pollutants are due to accelerated developmental activities and economic growth in Saudi Arabia over the past three decades. Such development included both agricultural and industrial progress. The consequences found in this study reveal that PAHs, pesticides and PCBs are present at elevated concentrations in the ambient air of Riyadh. The average concentrations of pesticides range from 2 to 8,216 ng/m(3), indicating their heavy use around the city and possibly long-range transport. The average concentrations of PAHs range from 18 to 1,003 ng/m(3) and of PCBs from < 1 to 20 ng/m(3). Some of these POPs were originated locally, while others might be transported over long distances. These POP concentrations were noticeably high; therefore, Saudi Arabia should focus on reducing such emissions through concerted efforts at the national level.