Aluminum exchange between citrate and human serum transferrin and interaction with transferrin receptor 1

The kinetics and thermodynamics of Al(III) exchange between aluminum citrate (AIL) and human serum transferrin were investigated in the 7.2-8.9 pH range. The C-site of human serum apotransferrin in interaction with bicarbonate removes Al(III) from Al citrate with an exchange equilibrium constant K-1 = (2.0 +/- 0.6) x 10(-2); a direct second-order rate constant k(1) = 45 +/- 3 M-1 s(-1); and a reverse second-order rate constant k(-1) = (2.3 +/- 0.5) x 10(3) M-1 s(-1). The newly formed aluminum-protein complex loses a single proton with proton dissociation constant K-1a = (15 +/- 3) nM to yield a first kinetic intermediate. This intermediate then undergoes a modification in its conformation followed by two proton losses; first-order rate constant k(2) = (4.20 +/- 0.02) x 10(-2) s(-1) to produce a second kinetic intermediate, which in turn undergoes a last slow modification in the conformation to yield the aluminum-loaded transferrin in its final state. This last process rate-controls Al(III) uptake by the N-site of the protein and is independent of the experimental parameters with a constant reciprocal relaxation time tau(3)(-1) = (6 +/- 1) x 10(-5) s(-1). The affinities involved in aluminum uptake by serum transferrins are about 10 orders of magnitude lower than those involved in the uptake of iron. The interactions of iron-loaded transferrins with transferrin receptor 1 occur with average dissociation constants of 3 +/- 1 and 5 + 1 nM for the only C-site iron-loaded and of 6.0 +/- 0.6 and 7 +/- 0.5 nM for the iron-saturated ST in the absence or presence of CHAPS, respectively. No interaction is detected between receptor I and aluminum-saturated or mixed C-site iron-loaded/N-site aluminum-loaded transferrin under the same conditions. The fact that aluminum can be solubilized by serum transferrin in biological fluids does not necessarily imply that its transfer from the blood stream to cytoplasm follows the receptor-mediated pathway of iron transport by transferrins.