The mode of interfragmentary movement affects bone formation and revascularization after callus distraction

Callus distraction is sometimes associated with a delay in the maturation process and serious complications. It is believed that these complications are often caused by instability of the bone segment fixation. Typical fixation devices, such as ring-fixators, show significant deformations in all directions under external loading and muscle forces. This leads to axial compression and tension as well as shear movements in the healing area. Herein we investigated the hypothesis that the direction of interfragmentary movement after callus distraction affects the bone formation and revascularization during the maturation process. Two custom fixator systems were designed to apply a protocol of lateral callus distraction and subsequent cyclic stimulation of the regenerate tissue. One fixator system was used to apply either compressive or tensile stimulation while the other was used to apply shearing stimulation. The fixators were applied to the tibial surface of the right hind leg of sheep specimens. During lateral callus distraction, a titanium plate was elevated by 0.275 mm perpendicular to the long axis of the bone twice daily, resulting in a 5.5 mm gap at the end of the ten-day distraction phase. Following a seven-day consolidation phase, the regenerate in the gap between tibial cortex and titanium plate was stimulated once daily by cyclic movement for 120 cycles. The stimulation was applied for 18 days with amplitudes of 0.6 mm in compression (Group C) or tension (Group T), or a 1.0 mm shear amplitude (Group S). Seven weeks postoperatively the specimens were analyzed for quantity of bone formation, the presence of cartilage and fibrous tissue, and blood vessel density. There was a significantly higher blood vessel density (4.6 +/- 1.6%) in Group C than in Group T (1.2 +/- 0.4%) or Group S (1.0 +/- 0.5%) (p < 0.01). The amount of bone was significantly higher in Group C (25.6% +/- 13.0%) than in Group T (13.5 +/- 4.9%) (p < 0.05). Group S showed a similar amount of bone (14.0 +/- 10.7%) to Group T. The results show that bone formation and revascularization are dependent on the direction of interfragmentary movement and that the cyclic compression best stimulates the healing process.