Chemical Speciation of Zinc-Halide Complexes in Zinc/Bromine Flow Battery Electrolytes

Zinc/bromine flow batteries are a promising solution for utility-scale electrical energy storage. The behavior of complex Zn-halogen species in the electrolyte during charge and discharge is currently not well-understood, and is an important aspect to be addressed in order to facilitate future electrolyte formulations. The speciation of the primary zinc bromide electrolyte with and without a secondary zinc chloride electrolyte is studied in the present work. Raman spectroscopy was carried out on aqueous solutions of zinc bromide at 5 concentrations (2-4 M) to account for the initial and later stages of charging, with 3 concentrations (1-2 M) of zinc chloride. Mixed solutions containing various combinations of each primary and secondary electrolyte concentrations were also studied. Semi-quantitative analysis of peaks after Gaussian and Lorentzian peak deconvolution showed that the proportion of four-ligand coordinated Zn-halides (i.e. [ZnBr4](2-) and [ZnCl4](2-)) increases with higher salt concentration, as compared to complexes with lower halide coordination numbers. The presence of a previously unassigned peak was observed at the 220 cm(-1) band in the Raman spectra of mixed electrolytes. Results from ab-initio molecular modeling using the GAUSSIAN 16 software package suggests this peak is due to the presence of the hybrid-halide anionic complex [ZnBr2Cl(H2O)](-). Increasing the Cl:Br ratio in electrolytes promotes hybridization and subsequently decreasing the proportion of single-halide Zn-Br complexes. While this speciation study is focused on Zn/Br batteries, the findings are also potentially applicable to other energy storage and electrochemical systems containing zinc halide electrolytes.