Eco-friendly and biodegradable sodium alginate/quaternized chitosan hydrogel for controlled release of urea and its antimicrobial activity

Hydrogels could be employed in agriculture for efficient management of water and controlled-release urea (CRU). This study aimed to synthesize a superabsorbent hydrogel for CRU by cross-linking sodium alginate (Alg) and N-(2-hydroxy-3-trimethyl ammonium) propyl chitosan chloride (HTACC). The hydrogel structure was characterized by various techniques, and the urea loading and releasing behaviors of the synthetic hydrogels were investigated. The results revealed that the maximum urea loading ranged between 107 and 200%, and that the urea loading kinetics fitted with Langmuir model followed by the Freundlich model. The urea release behavior reached equilibrium after 30 days and urea releasing kinetics fitted with the zero-order and Higuchi models. The synthesized hydrogels exerted significant antimicrobial activities and molecular docking showed their binding affinity toward glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase, beta-lactamase II, TraR binding site and nucleoside diphosphate kinase. In conclusion, these Alg/HTACC hydrogels showed swelling, urea release, and antimicrobial properties suitable to meet the plant requirements and produce economic and environmental benefits.