Dexmedetomidine preconditioning protects against lung injury induced by ischemia-reperfusion through inhibition of autophagy

The present study aimed to evaluate the role of autophagy in the protective effect of dexmedetomidine in lung injury caused by ischemia-reperfusion (IR) in rats. In total 48 adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 6 groups (n=8) as follows: i) Sham group; ii) the IR group; iii) IR + 1 mu g/kg dexmedetomidine preconditioning group (pre-LD); iv) IR + 10 mu g/kg dexmedetomidine preconditioning group (pre-HD); v) IR + 1 mu g/kg dexmedetomidine postconditioning group (post-LD); and vi) IR + 10 mu g/kg dexmedetomidine postconditioning group (post-HD). After the rats were anesthetized, the hilum of the left lung was occluded with a non-invasive microvascular clip for 30 min to induce ischemia. The clip was then removed and the left lung was allowed to regain ventilation and blood for 2 h. The rats were then sacrificed, the left lung removed and the wet/dry (W/D) lung weight ratio was determined. Pathological changes to the lungs were evaluated by light and transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, the rate of lung cell apoptosis was determined by the TUNEL assay. The expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha(HIF-1 alpha), Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B 19-kDa interacting protein 3 (BNIP3), BNIP3 like (BNIP3L) and microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B light chain 3B (LC3II) was determined by western blotting. Compared with the sham group, a significant increase in the W/D lung weight ratio, and malondialdehyde (MDA), BNIP3, BNIP3L and LC3II levels were observed in the IR group, and HIF-1 alpha levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were decreased. Furthermore, the W/D ratio was lower in the pre-LD and pre-HD groups than in the IR group. Additionally, SOD activity was significantly higher and MDA expression was significantly lower in the pre-LD and pre-HD groups compared with the IR group. BNIP3, BNIP3L and LC3II protein levels were significantly lower in the pre-LD and pre-HD groups compared with the IR group, while HIF-1 alpha was notably upregulated in the pre-LD and pre-HD groups compared with the IR group. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that dexmedetomidine preconditioning protects against lung injury induced by IR through inhibition of autophagy and apoptosis.