Microextraction techniques for analysis of cannabinbids

of cannabinoids in biological and other matrices is of paramount importance in forensic toxicology, since they are the most widely abused drugs over the globe. Generally, extraction of cannabinoids from biological matrices is achieved by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and solid-phase extraction (SPE). However, great attention has now been paid towards modern microextraction techniques in order to improve the quality and sensitivity of analytical methods. Microextraction techniques are environmentally benign, rapid, sensitive, inexpensive, offer high extraction efficiency and enrichment factors. This review provides an overview of microextraction techniques applied for the determination of cannabinoids and their metabolites in oral fluid, hair, urine and other matrices of forensic importance. After a complete revision of microextraction techniques for cannabinoids, they have been classified into two categories: (i) solid based e.g. solid-phase microextraction (SPME) etc., and (ii) solvent based e.g. dispersive liquid liquid microextraction (DLLME). (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.