Water-In-Oil Pickering Emulsions Stabilized by Water-Insoluble Polyphenol Crystals

In recent years, there has been a resurgence of interest in Pickering emulsions because of the recognition of the unique high steric stabilization provided by particles at interfaces. This interest is particularly keen for water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions because of the limited range of suitable Pickering stabilizers available. We demonstrate for the first time that W/O emulsions can be stabilized by using crystals from naturally occurring polyphenols (curcumin and quercetin particles). These particles were assessed based on their size, microstructure, contact angle, interfacial tension, and zeta-potential measurements in an attempt to predict the way that they act as Pickering stabilizers. Static light-scattering results and microstructural analysis at various length scales [optical microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)] confirmed that the quercetin particles has a nearly perfect crystalline rod shape with a high aspect ratio; that is, the ratio of length to diameter (LID) was ca. 2.5:1-7:1. On the other hand, the curcumin particles (d(3,2) = 0.2 mu m) had a polyhedral shape. Droplet sizing and CLSM revealed that there was an optimum concentration (0.14 and 0.25 wt % for quercetin and curcumin, respectively) where smaller water droplets were formed (d(3,2) approximate to 6 mu m). Interfacial shear viscosity (eta(i)) measurements confirmed that a stronger film was formed at the interface with quercetin particles (eta(i) approximate to 25 N s m(-1)) rather than with curcumin particles (eta(i) approximate to 1.2 N s m(-1)) possibly because of the difference in the shape and size of the two crystals. This study provides new insights into the creation of Pickering W/O emulsions with polyphenol crystals and may lead to various soft matter applications where Pickering stabilization using biocompatible particles is a necessity.