Prediction of mortality in adult patients with sepsis using six biomarkers: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundAngiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) and 2 (Ang-2), high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), soluble receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (sRAGE), soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (sTREM1), and soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) have shown promising results for predicting all-cause mortality in critical care patients. The aim of our systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the prognostic value of these biomarkers for mortality in adult patients with sepsis.MethodsA systematic literature search of the MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases, for articles in English published from 01.01.1990 onwards, was conducted. The systematic review focused exclusively on observational studies of adult patients with sepsis, any randomized trials were excluded. For the meta-analysis, only studies which provide biomarker concentrations within 24 h of admission in sepsis survivors and nonsurvivors were included. Results are presented as pooled mean differences (MD) between nonsurvivors and survivors with 95% confidence interval for each of the six biomarkers. Studies not included in the quantitative analysis were narratively summarized. The risk of bias was assessed in all included studies using the Quality in Prognosis Studies (QUIPS) tool.ResultsThe systematic literature search retrieved 2285 articles. In total, we included 44 studies in the qualitative analysis, of which 28 were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled mean differences in biomarker concentration (nonsurvivors - survivors), measured at onset of sepsis, are listed as follows: (1) Ang-1: -2.9 ng/ml (95% CI -4.1 to -1.7, p<0.01); (2) Ang-2: 4.9 ng/ml (95% CI 2.6 to 7.1, p<0.01); (3) HMGB1: 1.2 ng/ml (95% CI 0.0 to 2.4, p=0.05); (4) sRAGE: 1003 pg/ml (95% CI 628 to 1377, p<0.01); (5) sTREM-1: 87 pg/ml (95% CI 2 to 171, p=0.04); (6) suPAR: 5.2 ng/ml (95% CI 4.5 to 6.0, p<0.01).ConclusionsAng-1, Ang-2, and suPAR provide beneficial prognostic information about mortality in adult patients with sepsis. The further development of standardized assays and the assessment of their performance when included in panels with other biomarkers may be recommended.