Is a renaissance of coal imminent?-challenges for catalysis

In the introduction, the reserves and resources of coal and other fossil fuels are discussed, also with regard to the regional distribution and consumption. Then, coalification and the classification of coal are described. The main part of the article is devoted to the most important processes using coal where challenges for catalysis still exist, with a focus on recent literature. First, technologies based on the production of synthesis gas, i.e., Fischer-Tropsch synthesis as well as MTO/MTP (Methanol To Olefins/Methanol To Propylene), are discussed. Secondly, direct coal liquefaction is treated. The last part of the article is devoted to "clean" coal and gives an outlook on the future of coal.