The Actor in 4 dimensions: A relevant methodology to analyze local environmental governance and inform Ostrom's social-ecological systems framework

This paper presents the Actor in 4 dimensions (A4D) model as a complementary tool to the Social-ecological systems framework (SESF) in order to better integrate individual and groups' representations into local environmental governance analysis. As the A4D is based on actors' representations of their social-ecological system (SES) and of its governance, it mainly informs the Actors subsystem of the SESF, even if it can also give useful insights for other framework's sub-systems. We define the SESF actor's sub-tiers and the corresponding A4D indicators and highlight the complementarity between both approaches in order to operationalize the SESF. This parallel is exemplified by the case of Maio island (a small-scale fishing community in Cape Verde). Our comparison also highlights other assets of the A4D methodology for the advancement of environmental governance's study. The A4D allows actors' participation and discussion on the SES and analyses common and divergent discourses and values between actors. The A4D points to power relations by integrating strong, weak and absent actors in its analysis. By highlighting subjective and reflexive elements, the A4D complements the SESF in their common attempt to analyze SES. (C) 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.