Calibration and characterization of the IceCube photomultiplier tube

被引：220

作者：

Abbasi, R. ^{[28
]}

Abdou, Y. ^{[22
]}

Abu-Zayyad, T. ^{[35
]}

Adams, J. ^{[16
]}

Aguilar, J. A. ^{[28
]}

Ahlers, M. ^{[34
]}

Andeen, K. ^{[28
]}

Auffenberg, J. ^{[42
]}

Bai, X. ^{[32
,33
]}

Baker, M. ^{[28
]}

Barwick, S. W. ^{[24
]}

Bay, R. ^{[9
]}

Alba, J. L. Bazo ^{[43
]}

Beattie, K. ^{[10
]}

Beatty, J. J. ^{[18
,19
,20
]}

Bechet, S. ^{[14
]}

Becker, J. K. ^{[12
]}

Becker, K. -H. ^{[42
]}

Benabderrahmane, M. L. ^{[43
]}

Berdermann, J. ^{[43
]}

Berghaus, P. ^{[28
]}

Berley, D. ^{[17
]}

Bernardini, E. ^{[43
]}

Bertrand, D. ^{[14
]}

Besson, D. Z. ^{[26
]}

Bissok, M. ^{[2
]}

Blaufuss, E. ^{[17
]}

Boersma, D. J. ^{[2
]}

Bohm, C. ^{[36
,37
]}

Botner, O. ^{[40
]}

Bradley, L. ^{[39
]}

Braun, J. ^{[28
]}

Buitink, S. ^{[10
]}

Carson, M. ^{[22
]}

Chirkin, D. ^{[28
]}

Christy, B. ^{[17
]}

Clem, J. ^{[32
,33
]}

Cohen, S. ^{[25
]}

Colnard, C. ^{[23
]}

Cowen, D. F. ^{[38
,39
]}

D'Agostino, M. V. ^{[9
]}

Danninger, M. ^{[36
,37
]}

De Clercq, C. ^{[15
]}

Demiroers, L. ^{[25
]}

Depaepe, O. ^{[15
]}

Descamps, F. ^{[22
]}

Desiati, P. ^{[28
]}

de Vries-Uiterweerd, G. ^{[22
]}

DeYoung, T. ^{[39
]}

Diaz-Velez, J. C. ^{[28
]}

机构：

[1] Chiba Univ, Dept Phys, Chiba 2638522, Japan

[2] Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, Inst Phys 3, D-52056 Aachen, Germany

[3] Univ Alabama, Dept Phys & Astron, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA

[4] Univ Alaska Anchorage, Dept Phys & Astron, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA

[5] Clark Atlanta Univ, CTSPS, Atlanta, GA 30314 USA

[6] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Phys, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA

[7] Georgia Inst Technol, Ctr Relativist Astrophys, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA

[8] Southern Univ, Dept Phys, Baton Rouge, LA 70813 USA

[9] Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA

[10] Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA

[11] Humboldt Univ, Inst Phys, D-12489 Berlin, Germany

[12] Ruhr Univ Bochum, Fak Phys & Astron, D-44780 Bochum, Germany

[13] Univ Bonn, Inst Phys, D-53115 Bonn, Germany

[14] Univ Libre Bruxelles, Sci Fac CP230, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium

[15] Vrije Univ Brussel, Dienst ELEM, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium

[16] Univ Canterbury, Dept Phys & Astron, Christchurch, New Zealand

[17] Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA

[18] Ohio State Univ, Dept Phys, Columbus, OH 43210 USA

[19] Ohio State Univ, Ctr Cosmol & Astroparticle Phys, Columbus, OH 43210 USA

[20] Ohio State Univ, Dept Astron, Columbus, OH 43210 USA

[21] TU Dortmund Univ, Dept Phys, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany

[22] Univ Ghent, Dept Subatom & Radiat Phys, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium

[23] Max Planck Inst Kernphys, D-69177 Heidelberg, Germany

[24] Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Phys & Astron, Irvine, CA 92697 USA

[25] Ecole Polytech Fed Lausanne, High Energy Phys Lab, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland

[26] Univ Kansas, Dept Phys & Astron, Lawrence, KS 66045 USA

[27] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Astron, Madison, WI 53706 USA

[28] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Phys, Madison, WI 53706 USA

[29] Univ Wisconsin, Phys Sci Lab, Madison, WI 53706 USA

[30] Johannes Gutenberg Univ Mainz, Inst Phys, D-55099 Mainz, Germany

[31] Univ Mons, B-7000 Mons, Belgium

[32] Univ Delaware, Bartol Res Inst, Newark, DE 19716 USA

[33] Univ Delaware, Dept Phys & Astron, Newark, DE 19716 USA

[34] Univ Oxford, Dept Phys, Oxford OX1 3NP, England

[35] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Phys, River Falls, WI 54022 USA

[36] Stockholm Univ, Oskar Klein Ctr, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden

[37] Stockholm Univ, Dept Phys, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden

[38] Penn State Univ, Dept Astron & Astrophys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA

[39] Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA

[40] Uppsala Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, S-75120 Uppsala, Sweden

[41] Univ Utrecht, Dept Phys & Astron, SRON, NL-3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands

[42] Univ Wuppertal, Dept Phys, D-42119 Wuppertal, Germany

[43] DESY, D-15735 Zeuthen, Germany

来源：

NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT | 2010年 / 618卷 / 1-3期

基金：

美国国家科学基金会; 瑞典研究理事会; 日本学术振兴会;

关键词：

PMT; Neutrino; Cosmic rays; Ice; Cherenkov; RAYLEIGH-SCATTERING; LIGHT; WATER;

D O I：

10.1016/j.nima.2010.03.102

中图分类号：

TH7 [仪器、仪表];

学科分类号：

0804 ; 080401 ; 081102 ;

摘要：

Over 5000 PMTs are being deployed at the South Pole to compose the IceCube neutrino observatory. Many are placed deep in the ice to detect Cherenkov light emitted by the products of high-energy neutrino interactions, and others are frozen into tanks on the surface to detect particles from atmospheric cosmic ray showers. IceCube is using the 10-in. diameter R7081-02 made by Hamamatsu Photonics. This paper describes the laboratory characterization and calibration of these PMTs before deployment. PMTs were illuminated with pulses ranging from single photons to saturation level. Parameterizations are given for the single photoelectron charge spectrum and the saturation behavior. Time resolution, late pulses and afterpulses are characterized. Because the PMTs are relatively large, the cathode sensitivity uniformity was measured. The absolute photon detection efficiency was calibrated using Rayleigh-scattered photons from a nitrogen laser. Measured characteristics are discussed in the context of their relevance to IceCube event reconstruction and simulation efforts. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

引用

页码：139 / 152

页数：14

共 38 条

[1] The IceCube data acquisition system: Signal capture, digitization, and timestamping
Abbasi, R.
Ackermann, M.
Adams, J.
Ahlers, M.
Ahrens, J.
Andeen, K.
Auffenberge, J.
Bai, X.
Baker, M.
Barwick, S. W.
Bay, R.
Alba, J. L. Bazo
Beattie, K.
Becka, T.
Becker, J. K.
Becker, K-H.
Berghaus, P.
Berley, D.
Bernardini, E.
Bertrand, D.
Besson, D. Z.
Bingham, B.
Blaufuss, E.
Boersma, D. J.
Bohm, C.
Bolmont, J.
Boeser, S.
Botner, O.
Braun, J.
Breeder, D.
Burgess, T.
Carithers, W.
Castermans, T.
Chen, H.
Chirkin, D.
Christy, B.
Clem, J.
Cowen, D. F.
D'Agostino, M. V.
Danninger, M.
Davour, A.
Day, C. T.
Depaepe, O.
De Clercq, C.
Demiroers, L.
Descamps, F.
Desiati, P.
de Vries-Uiterweerd, G.
DeYoung, T.
Diaz-Velez, J. C.
[J]. NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT, 2009, 601 (03) : 294 - 316
[2] First year performance of the IceCube neutrino telescope
Achterberg, A.
Ackermann, M.
Adams, J.
Ahrens, J.
Andeen, K.
Atlee, D. W.
Baccus, J.
Bahcall, J. N.
Bai, X.
Baret, B.
Bartelt, M.
Barwick, S. W.
Bay, R.
Beattie, K.
Becka, T.
Becker, J. K.
Becker, K. -H.
Berghaus, P.
Berley, D.
Bernardini, E.
Bertrand, D.
Besson, D. Z.
Blaufuss, E.
Boersma, D. J.
Boeser, S.
Botner, O.
Bouchta, A.
Braun, J.
Burgess, C.
Burgess, T.
Castermans, T.
Cherwinka, J.
Chirkin, D.
Clem, J.
Cowen, D. F.
D'Agostino, M. V.
Davour, A.
Day, C. T.
De Clercq, C.
Demiroer, L.
Desiati, P.
DeYoung, T.
Diaz-Velez, J. C.
Dreyer, J.
Duvoort, M. R.
Edwards, W. R.
Ehrlich, R.
Eisch, J.
Elcheikh, A.
Ellsworth, R. W.
[J]. ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS, 2006, 26 (03) : 155 - 173
[3] Optical properties of deep glacial ice at the South Pole
Ackermann, M.
Ahrens, J.
Bai, X.
Bartelt, M.
Barwick, S. W.
Bay, R. C.
Becka, T.
Becker, J. K.
Becker, K. -H.
Berghaus, P.
Bernardini, E.
Bertrand, D.
Boersma, D. J.
Boeser, S.
Botner, O.
Bouchta, A.
Bouhali, O.
Burgess, C.
Burgess, T.
Castermans, T.
Chirkin, D.
Collin, B.
Conrad, J.
Cooley, J.
Cowen, D. F.
Davour, A.
De Clercq, C.
de los Heros, C. P.
Desiati, P.
DeYoung, T.
Ekstroem, P.
Feser, T.
Gaisser, T. K.
Ganugapati, R.
Geenen, H.
Gerhardt, L.
Goldschmidt, A.
Gross, A.
Hallgren, A.
Halzen, F.
Hanson, K.
Hardtke, D. H.
Harenberg, T.
Hauschildt, T.
Helbing, K.
Hellwig, M.
Herquet, P.
Hill, G. C.
Hodges, J.
Hubert, D.
[J]. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES, 2006, 111 (D13)
[4] GEANT4-a simulation toolkit
Agostinelli, S
Allison, J
Amako, K
Apostolakis, J
Araujo, H
Arce, P
Asai, M
Axen, D
Banerjee, S
Barrand, G
Behner, F
Bellagamba, L
Boudreau, J
Broglia, L
Brunengo, A
Burkhardt, H
Chauvie, S
Chuma, J
Chytracek, R
Cooperman, G
Cosmo, G
Degtyarenko, P
Dell'Acqua, A
Depaola, G
Dietrich, D
Enami, R
Feliciello, A
Ferguson, C
Fesefeldt, H
Folger, G
Foppiano, F
Forti, A
Garelli, S
Giani, S
Giannitrapani, R
Gibin, D
Cadenas, JJG
González, I
Abril, GG
Greeniaus, G
Greiner, W
Grichine, V
Grossheim, A
Guatelli, S
Gumplinger, P
Hamatsu, R
Hashimoto, K
Hasui, H
Heikkinen, A
Howard, A
[J]. NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT, 2003, 506 (03) : 250 - 303
[5] Transmission of light in deep sea water at the site of the ANTARES neutrino telescope
Aguilar, JA
Albert, A
Amram, P
Anghinolfi, M
Anton, G
Anvar, S
Ardellier-Desages, FE
Aslanides, E
Aubert, JJ
Azoulay, R
Bailey, D
Basa, S
Battaglieri, M
Becherini, Y
Bellotti, R
Beltramelli, J
Bertin, V
Billault, M
Blaes, R
Blanc, F
Bland, RW
de Botton, N
Boulesteix, J
Bouwhuis, MC
Brooks, CB
Bradbury, SM
Bruijn, R
Brunner, J
Bugeon, F
Burgio, GF
Cafagna, F
Calzas, A
Caponetto, L
Carmona, E
Carr, J
Cartwright, SL
Cecchini, S
Charvis, P
Circella, M
Colnard, C
Compère, C
Croquette, J
Cooper, S
Coyle, P
Cuneo, S
Damy, G
van Dantzig, R
Deschamps, A
De Marzo, C
Destelle, JJ
[J]. ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS, 2005, 23 (01) : 131 - 155
[6] Sensitivity of the IceCube detector to astrophysical sources of high energy muon neutrinos
Ahrens, J
Bahcall, JN
Bai, X
Bay, RC
Becka, T
Becker, KH
Berley, D
Bernardini, E
Bertrand, D
Besson, DZ
Biron, A
Blaufuss, E
Boersma, DJ
Böser, S
Bohm, C
Botner, O
Bouchta, A
Bouhali, O
Burgess, T
Carithers, W
Castermans, T
Cavin, J
Chinowsky, W
Chirkin, D
Collin, B
Conrad, J
Cooley, J
Cowen, DF
Davour, A
De Clercq, C
DeYoung, T
Desiati, P
Ehrlich, R
Ellsworth, RW
Evenson, PA
Fazely, AR
Feser, T
Gaisser, TK
Gallagher, J
Ganugapati, R
Geenen, H
Goldschmidt, A
Goodman, JA
Gunasingha, RM
Hallgren, A
Halzen, F
Hanson, K
Hardtke, R
Hauschildt, T
Hays, D
[J]. ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS, 2004, 20 (05) : 507 - 532
[7] Observation of high energy atmospheric neutrinos with the Antarctic muon and neutrino detector array -: art. no. 012005
Ahrens, J
Andrés, E
Bai, X
Barouch, G
Barwick, SW
Bay, RC
Becka, T
Becker, KH
Bertrand, D
Binon, F
Biron, A
Booth, J
Botner, O
Bouchta, A
Bouhali, O
Boyce, MM
Carius, S
Chen, A
Chirkin, D
Conrad, J
Cooley, J
Costa, CGS
Cowen, DF
Dalberg, E
De Clercq, C
DeYoung, T
Desiati, P
Dewulf, JP
Doksus, P
Edsjö, J
Ekström, P
Feser, T
Frère, JM
Gaisser, TK
Gaug, M
Goldschmidt, A
Hallgren, A
Halzen, F
Hanson, K
Hardtke, R
Hauschildt, T
Hellwig, M
Heukenkamp, H
Hill, GC
Hulth, PO
Hundertmark, S
Jacobsen, J
Karle, A
Kim, J
Koci, B
[J]. PHYSICAL REVIEW D, 2002, 66 (01): : 120051 - 1200520
[8] Ahrens J., 2001, IceCube Preliminary Design Document
[9] The AMANDA neutrino telescope:: principle of operation and first results
Andres, E
Askebjer, P
Barwick, SW
Bay, R
Bergström, L
Biron, A
Booth, J
Bouchta, A
Carius, S
Carlson, M
Cowen, D
Dalberg, E
DeYoung, T
Ekström, P
Erlandson, B
Goobar, A
Gray, L
Hallgren, A
Halzen, F
Hardtke, R
Hart, S
He, Y
Heukenkamp, H
Hill, G
Hulth, PO
Hundertmark, S
Jacobsen, J
Jones, A
Kandhadai, V
Karle, A
Koci, B
Lindahl, P
Liubarsky, I
Leuthold, M
Lowder, DM
Marciniewski, P
Mikolajski, T
Miller, T
Miocinovic, P
Mock, P
Morse, R
Niessen, P
de los Heros, CP
Porrata, R
Potter, D
Price, PB
Przybylski, G
Richards, A
Richter, S
Romenesko, P
[J]. ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS, 2000, 13 (01) : 1 - 20
[10] Characterization of ETL 9357FLA photomultiplier tubes for cryogenic temperature applications
Ankowski, A
Antonello, M
Aprili, P
Arneodo, F
Badertscher, A
Baiboussinov, B
Ceolin, MB
Battistoni, G
Benetti, P
Bischofberger, M
di Tigliole, AB
Brunetti, R
Bucciarelli, G
Bueno, A
Calligarich, E
Carbonara, F
Carmona, MC
Cavanna, F
Cennini, P
Centro, S
Cesana, A
Cline, DB
Cieslik, K
Cocco, AG
Dai, Z
De Vecchi, C
Dabrowska, A
Di Cicco, A
Dolfini, R
Ereditato, A
Ferella, A
Ferrari, A
Fiorillo, G
García-Gamez, D
Ge, Y
Gibin, D
Berzolari, AG
Gil-Botella, I
Graczyk, K
Grandi, L
Guglielmi, A
Holeczek, J
Juszczak, C
Kielczewska, D
Kisiel, J
Kozlowski, T
Laffranchi, M
Lagoda, J
Lisowski, B
Lozano, J
[J]. NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT, 2006, 556 (01) : 146 - 157

← 1 2 3 4 →