CEO characteristics and SME foreign market entry mode choice The moderating effect of firm's geographic experience and host-country political risk

Purpose - Using arguments from the upper echelons perspective this paper aims to examine the impact of CEO characteristics on small and medium-sized enterprises' (SMEs') equity foreign market entry mode choice and how these associations are jointly moderated by geographic experience of the firm and host-country political risk. Design/methodology/approach - The empirical analysis draws on data gathered from German SMEs testing triple-interaction effects between CEO's age, firm tenure and international experience, geographic experience of the firm (organizational level), and host-country political risk (environmental level). Findings - Empirical findings validate that the influence of CEO's age and firm tenure on SME foreign market entry mode choice varies by managers' level of managerial discretion (i.e. latitude of action) as determined by the SME's geographic experience and the level of political risks prevailing in the foreign market. Practical implications - Empirical findings help SME owners and managers to understand how CEO's age and firm tenure are related with individual's risk-taking behavior and information-processing demands and how these contingencies vary by the context in which the individual CEO is nested. Originality/value - This study contributes to the growing body of literature focussing on SME foreign market entry mode choice by emphasizing the important role of CEOs in the decision to internationalize. More specific, this study contributes by an examination of the interactive effect of CEO's age, firm tenure and international experience, geographic experience of the firm and host-country political risk and, therefore, emphasizes the context and boundary conditions under which the association between CEO characteristics and foreign market entry mode choice is more or less pronounced.