Cerebral infarction in young adults - The Baltimore-Washington cooperative young stroke study

Background: Few reports on stroke in young adults have included cases from all community and referral hospitals in a defined geographic region. Methods: At 46 hospitals in Baltimore City, 5 central Maryland counties, and Washington, DC, the chart of every patient 15 to 44 years of age with a primary or secondary diagnosis of possible cerebral arterial infarction during 1988 and 1991 was abstracted. Probable and possible etiologies were assigned following written guidelines. Results: Of 428 first strokes, 212 (49.5%) were assigned at least one probable cause, 80 (18.7%) had no probable cause but at least one possible cause, and 136 (31.8%) had no identified probable or possible cause. Of the 212 with at least one probable cause, the distribution of etiologies was cardiac embolism (31.1%), hematologic and other (19.8%), small vessel (lacunar) disease (19.8%), nonatherosclerotic vasculopathy (11.3%), illicit drug use (9.4%), oral contraceptive use (5.2%), large artery atherosclerotic disease (3.8%), and migraine (1.4%). There were an additional 69 recurrent stroke patients. Conclusions: In this hospital-based registry within a region characterized by racial/ethnic diversity, cardiac embolism, hematologic and other causes, and lacunar stroke were the most common etiologies of cerebral infarction in young adults. Nearly a third of both first and recurrent strokes had no identified cause.