Hydrothermal treatment enhances the removal of antibiotic resistance genes, dewatering, and biogas production in antibiotic fermentation residues

Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are enriched in antibiotic fermentation residues (AFRs). In this study, we investigated the effect of hydrothermal treatment on dewatering, biogas production, and removal of ARGs in the penicillin fermentation residue (PFR). Solid, 120 um particles in the PFR were disintegrated to 30 - 40 mu m after 140 - 180 degrees C hydrothermal range. Of extracellular polymeric substance, 79.8 +/- 0.4% was decomposed to release 82.2 +/- 0.6% of bound water at 180 degrees C. The effective solid-liquid separation was achieved only after a hydrothermal treatment of 180 degrees C. More than 75% of organic matter in the filtrate was transformed into biogas by the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB). The absolute abundance of 16 5 rRNA and ARGs decreased by 2.4 - 5.2 logs after hydrothermal treatment. The ratio of extracellular ARGs (eARGs) to total ARGs increased at 80 degrees C and decreased at higher temperature (>120 degrees C). The absolute abundance of ARGs increased by 0.7 - 1.6 logs in anaerobic digestion, and the relative abundances of ARGs based on 16 5 rRNA plummeted by 3 logs. Most (98.7 +/- 0.4%) ARGs were distributed in suspended solids and were removed by membrane filtration. Hydrothermal treatment demonstrated broad applicability to 10 varieties of AFRs.