Additive Engineering in Antisolvent for Widening the Processing Window and Promoting Perovskite Seed Formation in Perovskite Solar Cells

The chlorobenzene (CB) antisolvent is widely used to fabricate high-efficiency perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the narrow processing window and the strict volume ratio of a binary mixed solvent limit the fabrication of large-area and high-quality perovskite films. In this work, by systematic investigation of additives with the CB antisolvent, a universal guideline is achieved wherein a small amount of additive with a donor number between 9.0 and 27.0 kcal/mol can significantly widen the antisolvent treating time slot from 2 to 40 s while simultaneously enlarging the processor binary mixed solvent (dimethylformamide/dimethyl sulfoxide) from 7:3 to 0:10. Moreover, this process facilitates the formation of perovskite seeds as templates for perovskite crystal growth, effectively reducing the bulk defects in perovskite films. Finally, the obtained PSCs show remarkable power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 22.22 and 19.74% for rigid and flexible devices, respectively.