After the establishment of marine reserves, trophic cascades, with an increase in top predators, decrease in herbivores and increase in producers, are often expected but not consistently observed. Recent empirical results suggest that the lack of cascades in a Caribbean coral reef reserve may be due to larger herbivores escaping predation. To explore the potential for such prey size refugia to prevent trophic cascades after reserve establishment, I construct a simple trophic model with and without herbivore size refugia and determine the conditions necessary for herbivorous fish to decrease after the elimination of harvest mortality. Generally, cascades do not occur and herbivores increase if the effect of harvest on herbivores before reserve establishment is greater than the effect of predation after reserve establishment. The parameter space where herbivores increase is much greater when accounting for size refugia. The potential for prey size refugia to prevent cascades makes it an important dynamic to consider in community-level approaches to reserve design and monitoring.
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Univ Nebraska, Sch Biol Sci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USAUniv Nebraska, Sch Biol Sci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA
DeLong, John P.
Gilbert, Benjamin
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Univ Toronto, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, CanadaUniv Nebraska, Sch Biol Sci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA
Gilbert, Benjamin
Shurin, Jonathan B.
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Univ Calif San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093 USAUniv Nebraska, Sch Biol Sci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA
Shurin, Jonathan B.
Savage, Van M.
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Univ Calif Los Angeles, David Geffen Sch Med, Dept Biomath, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Santa Fe Inst, Santa Fe, NM 87501 USAUniv Nebraska, Sch Biol Sci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA
Savage, Van M.
Barton, Brandon T.
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Univ Wisconsin, Dept Zool, Madison, WI 53589 USAUniv Nebraska, Sch Biol Sci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA
Barton, Brandon T.
Clements, Christopher F.
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Univ Zurich, Inst Evolutionary Biol & Environm Studies, CH-8057 Zurich, SwitzerlandUniv Nebraska, Sch Biol Sci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA
Clements, Christopher F.
Dell, Anthony I.
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Univ Gottingen, Dept Biol, D-37073 Gottingen, Germany
Natl Great Rivers Res & Educ Ctr, East Alton, IL 62024 USAUniv Nebraska, Sch Biol Sci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA
Dell, Anthony I.
Greig, Hamish S.
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Univ Maine, Sch Biol & Ecol, Orono, ME 04469 USAUniv Nebraska, Sch Biol Sci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA
Greig, Hamish S.
Harley, Christopher D. G.
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Univ British Columbia, Dept Zool, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
Univ British Columbia, Biodivers Res Ctr, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaUniv Nebraska, Sch Biol Sci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA
Harley, Christopher D. G.
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Kratina, Pavel
McCann, Kevin S.
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Univ Guelph, Dept Integrat Biol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, CanadaUniv Nebraska, Sch Biol Sci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA
McCann, Kevin S.
Tunney, Tyler D.
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Univ Guelph, Dept Integrat Biol, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, CanadaUniv Nebraska, Sch Biol Sci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA
Tunney, Tyler D.
Vasseur, David A.
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Yale Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, New Haven, CT 06511 USAUniv Nebraska, Sch Biol Sci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA
Vasseur, David A.
O'Connor, Mary I.
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Univ British Columbia, Dept Zool, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
Univ British Columbia, Biodivers Res Ctr, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, CanadaUniv Nebraska, Sch Biol Sci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA