AC Josephson voltage standard error measurements and analysis

The Josephson arbitrary waveform synthesizer can be used as a precision voltage source for both ac and dc signals. Recent improvements in circuit designs have resulted in output voltages greater than 100 mV rms for ac metrology measurements in the frequency range from 1 to 50 kHz. In this paper, we present measurements of several significant error sources that must be considered in order to create an intrinsic ac voltage standard at these frequencies. These results and the corresponding theoretical analysis allow us to move toward creating a practical ac Josephson voltage standard.