Sulfurization-functionalized 2D metal-organic frameworks for high-performance urea fuel cell

Urea electrolysis is regarded as an effective strategy for addressing energy and environment issues. Here, a hierarchical structure with intimate interfaces derived from two-dimensional metal-organic framework (MOF) was constructed by partial sulfurization for urea oxidation. The sulfurization treatment increases the specific surface area, remarkably improving the mass transfer and the exposure of active sites. Moreover, the hybridization at the interface induces electron redistribution and facilitates the electron transfer as confirmed by experimental measurements and theoretical calculations. The optimal catalyst delivers enhanced catalytic activity and durability, achieving a low driving potential of 1.326 V (vs. RHE) for urea oxidation at a current density of 10 mA cm-2 and negligible activity loss after durability test, which outperforms most previously reported non-precious catalysts. Our results demonstrate the great potential of MOF-derived materials as efficient catalysts for costeffective hydrogen production and urea fuel cells, offering bright prospect for energy-sustainable developments and mitigating water contamination.