Health-related quality of life measured with the EQ-5D-5L: estimation of normative index values based on a representative German population sample and value set

Background The generic and preference-based instrument EQ-5D is available in a five-response levels version (EQ-5D-5L). A value set for the EQ-5D-5L based on a representative sample of the German population has recently been developed. The aim of this study was to estimate normative values of the EQ-5D-5L index for Germany, and to examine associations between the EQ- 5D-5L and selected sociodemographic factors. Methods The analysis was based on a representative sample (n = 4998) of the German general adult population in 2014. Participants had to rate their health-related quality of life on the EQ-5D-5L descriptive system as well as on a visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS). Normative values of the EQ-5D-5L index were estimated for selected sociodemographic characteristics. For the examination of associations between EQ-5D-5L index scores and selected sociodemographic factors, multivariate regression analyses were used. Results The mean EQ-5D-5L index score of the total sample was 0.88 (SD 0.18), corresponding to an overall mean EQVAS score of 71.59 (SD 21.36). Female gender and increasing age were associated with a lower EQ- 5D-5L index score (p < 0.001). Higher education, full-time employment and private health insurance were associated with a higher EQ-5D-5L index score (p < 0.001). Conclusion This was the first study to estimate normative values of the EQ-5D-5L index for Germany based on a representative sample. The German normative values of the EQ-5D-5L are comparable to those reported for other countries. However, the mean EQ-5D-5L index score of the total sample was worse than those of the samples of studies from other countries.