Design, synthesis, and in vitro testing of α-methylacyl-CoA racemase inhibitors

The enzyme alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR) is overexpressed in prostate, colon, and other cancers and has been partially validated as a potential therapeutic target by siRNA knockdown of the AMACR gene. Analogs of the natural substrate branched chain alpha-methylacyl coenzyme A esters, possessing one or more beta-fluorine atoms, have been synthesized using Wittig, conjugate addition, and asymmetric aldol reactions and found to be reversible competitive inhibitors. Each diastereomer of the previously reported inhibitor ibuprofenoyl-CoA was also tested. The compounds had K-i values of 0.9-20 mu M and are the most potent inhibitors yet known. The presence of beta-fluorine on the alpha-methyl group or the acyl chain results in a significant lowering of the K-i value compared with nonfluorinated analogs, and this is attributed to a lowering of the pK(a) of the alpha-proton, facilitating enolization and binding. Several of the CoA ester inhibitors were formed by incubating the free carboxylic acid precursors with cell free extracts and CoA. alpha-Trifluoromethyltetradecanoic acid, the precursor to the most potent inhibitor, was shown to inhibit growth of cancer cell lines PC3, CWR22 Rv1, and Du145 in a dose-dependent manner and could be related to the expression level of AMACR.