Mitigated PM2.5 Changes by the Regional Transport During the COVID-19 Lockdown in Shanghai, China

Intensive observations and WRF-Chem simulations are applied in this study to investigate the adverse impacts of regional transport on the PM2.5 (fine particulate matter; diameter <= 2.5 mu m) changes in Shanghai during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 lockdown. As the local atmospheric oxidation capacity was observed to be generally weakened, strong regional transport carried by the frequent westerly winds is suggested to be the main driver of the unexpected pollution episodes, increasing the input of both primary and secondary aerosols. Contributing 40%-80% to the PM2.5, the transport contributed aerosols are simulated to exhibit less decreases (13.2%-21.8%) than the local particles (37.1%-64.8%) in urban Shanghai due to the lockdown, which largely results from the less decreased industrial and residential emissions in surrounding provinces. To reduce the influence of the transport, synergetic emission control, especially synergetic ammonia control, measures are proved to be effective strategies, which need to be considered in future regulations.