Real-time heart rate monitoring system for cardiotoxicity assessment of Daphnia magna using high-speed digital holographic microscopy

Machine vision techniques for monitoring heart rates in aquatic bioassays have been applied to cardiotoxicity assessment. However, the requisite large data sizes and long calculation times make long-term observations of heart rates difficult. In this study, we developed a real-time heart rate monitoring system for individual Daphnia magna in a water chamber mounter that immobilizes their movement in 100 mL media. Heart rates are calculated from real-time, time-resolved relative phase information from digital holograms acquired with a 200 fps camera and parallel computation using a graphics processing unit. With this system, we monitored the real-time changes in the heart rates of individual D. magna specimens exposed to H2O2 as a positive control for reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in an aquatic environment for 10 h, a period long enough to observe dynamic heart rate responses to the mounting process and exposure and to establish heart rate trends. An additional group analysis was conducted to compare to conventional cardiotoxicity assessment, with results of both assessments showing that the heart rates reduced according to ROS level by H2O2 exposure concentration. Notably, the results of our real-time dynamic heart rate monitoring in aquatic conditions indicated that establishing a relaxation heart rate before measurements could improve the accuracy of toxicity assessment. It is believed that the system developed in this study, achieving the simultaneous measurement, analysis, and display of reconstructed results, will find wide application in other aquatic bioassays. (c) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).