The Influence of Sagittal Instability Factors on Clinical Lumbar Spinal Symptoms

Study Design: Cross-sectional and prospective study. Objective: To find the critical order of 3 radiographic factors observed in standing flexion-extension films and to discover their combined effect on lumbar symptoms. Summary of Background Data: Many previous reports have described relationships between degenerative change in the lumbar disc and segmental instability; however, few reports have attempted to show any relationship between instability and symptoms. Little is known about which type of instability is the most critical in the sagittal plane of the lumbar spine. Methods: Excessive segmental motion (factors): > 3mm slip, >3 mm translation, and >10 degrees angulation, at the L4/5 segment in 880 patients (389 men and 491 women; mean age, 49.4 y) with low back and/or leg pain were investigated at initial visit. Symptoms of low back and leg pain, and walking ability were evaluated at initial visit and 4.6-year follow-up using Japanese Orthopaedic Association's scoring system. Severity and continuity of symptoms were evaluated and compared among the groups according to various combinations of excessive motion. Results: Of the 3 factors, patients with > 3mm slip had the lowest scores, and patients with > 10 degrees angulation had the highest, both at initial visit and follow-up (P < 0.001). In the comparative study of various factors, the groups with > 3mm slip had significantly lower scores than the group with no factors, and these groups had significantly lower scores in leg pain and walking ability than the nonfactor group (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Of the 3 factors, > 3mm slip had the strongest effect on symptoms followed by > 3mm translation and then > 10 degrees angulation. Therefore, patients with low back and/or leg pain at initial visit and > 3mm slip, may expect symptoms of a duration exceeding 4 years. More than 10 degrees angulation had the least effect on symptoms as shown by the similarity in scores with the nonfactor group.