The effect of microwave and convective dryer with ultrasound pre-treatment on drying and quality properties of walnut kernel

In this study, the drying kinetics of walnuts was investigated including specific energy consumption (SEC), shrinkage, and walnut kernels' color in two dryers, namely ultrasonic-convection (US-CON) and ultrasonic-microwave (US-MIC). To carry out this study, walnut samples were dried at three MIC powers (270, 450, and 630 W), three input air temperatures (40, 55, and 70 degrees C) and four duration of ultrasonic pre-treatment (0 min (control sample), 10, 20, and 40 min). Fifteen mathematical models were used to describe the walnuts' moisture ratio. The results showed that the Midilli et al. model was the best model for describing the process of drying walnuts in US-CON and US-MIC dryers. Effective moisture diffusivity (D-eff) values were calculated to be between 2.77 x 10(-9) and 5.56 x 10(-9) m(2)/s for the US-CON dryer and 3.12 x 10(-9) to 8.99 x 10(-9) m(2)/s for the US-MIC dryer. The lowest rates of color change were observed in the US-MIC dryer at the lowest microwave power and the lowest duration of ultrasonic pre-treatment. The lowest SEC for the US-CON dryer was 19.52 kWh/kg, and it was 15.90 kWh/kg for the US-MIC dryer. The highest rate of shrinkage was 14.21%, which was seen in the US-CON dryer at the air temperature of 70 degrees C and the duration of ultrasonic pre-treatment of 40 min. According to the results, the best quality of walnut with the lowest changes of color and shrinkage in the microwave dryer was calculated at microwave power 270 W and control sample. Practical applications Drying foods and agricultural products using microwave dryers is a relatively cheap method and has attracted the attention of many researchers today. Also, numerous studies have been conducted on drying agricultural products through microwave and convection dryers with ultrasound pre-treatment. The result of this study could be applied for gathering comprehensive information regarding the drying process (kinetic, D-eff, E-a, and SEC) as well as the qualitative properties (color and shrinkage) of walnut kernels dried using the microwave and convective hot air dryers accompanied by ultrasound pre-treatment.