There has recently been concern in Brazil whether biological N-2 fixation (BNF) is capable of meeting the increased N needs of newly released more productive cultivars, as well as doubts about the advantages of annual reinoculation of seeds. Forty experiments were performed over 3 yr in oxisols containing at least 10(3) cells of Bradyrhizobium g(-1) in the State of Parana, southern Brazil to estimate the contributions of BNF and of N fertilizer. The experiments were performed at two sites, Londrina and Ponta Grossa, under conventional (CT) or no-tillage (NT) systems, with two cultivars [Embrapa 48 (early-maturing) or BRS 134 (medium-maturity group)]. Treatments included non-inoculated controls without or with 200 kg of N ha(-1), and inoculation without or with N fertilizer applied at sowing (30 kg of N ha(-1)), or at the R2 or R4 stage (50 kg of N ha(-1)). Compared with the non-inoculated control, reinoculation significantly increased the contribution of BNF estimated by the N-ureide technique (on average from 79 to 84%), grain yield (on average 127 kg ha(-1) or 4.7%) and total N in grains (on average 6.6%). The application of 200 kg of N fertilizer ha(-1) drastically decreased nodulation and the contribution of BNF (to 44%), with no further gains in yield. Application of starter N at sowing decreased nodulation and the contribution of BNF slightly and did not increase yields, while N fertilizer at R2 and R4 stages decreased the contribution of BNF (to 77%) and also yields. Estimates of volatilization of ammonia ranged from 15 to 25% of the N fertilizer applied, and no residual benefits of the N fertilizer in the winter crop were observed. The results highlight the economical and environmental benefits resulting from replacing N fertilizer with inoculation in Brazil, and reinforce the benefits of reinoculation, even in soils with high populations of Bradyrhizobium.
