A Battery Energy Management Strategy for UK Enhanced Frequency Response and Triad Avoidance

This paper describes a control algorithm for a battery energy storage system (BESS) to deliver a charge/discharge power output in response to changes in the grid frequency constrained by the National Grid Electricity Transmission (NGET)-the primary electricity transmission network operator in the U.K.-while managing the state of charge of the BESS to optimize the availability of the system. Furthermore, this paper investigates using the BESS in order to maximize triad avoidance benefit revenues while layering other services. Simulation using a 2 MW/1 MWh lithium titanate BESS validated model is carried out to explore possible scenarios using the proposed algorithms. Finally, experimental results of the 2 MW/1 MWh Willenhall Energy Storage System verify the performance of the proposed algorithms.