Nuclear pore dynamics during pollen development and androgenesis in Brassica napus

Changes in nuclear pore complex (NPC) densities, NPCs/nucleus and NPCs/mu m(3), are described using freeze-fractured Brassica napus microspores and pollen in vivo and in vitro. Early stages of microspore- and pollen-derived embryogenic cells were also analysed. The results of in vivo and in vitro pollen development indicate an increase in activity of the vegetative nucleus during maturation of the pollen. At the onset of microspore and pollen culture, NPC density decreased from 15 NPCs/mu m(2) at the stage of isolation to 9 NPCs/mu m(2), under both embryogenic and non-embryogenic conditions. This implies that the drop in NPC density might be a result of culturing the microspores and pollen rather than an indication for microspore and pollen embryogenesis in Brassica napus. However, after 1 day in culture under embryogenic conditions, the NPC density increased again and stabilised around 13 NPCs/mu m(2), whereas under non-embryogenic conditions the NPC density remained about 9 NPCs/mu m(2). This low density of 9 NPCs/mu m(2) was also found in the nuclei of sperm cells, in contrast to the 19 NPCs/mu m(2) found in the vegetative nucleus. It means that, although both the vegetative and sperm nuclei are believed to be metabolically rather inactive in mature pollen, the NPC density of vegetative nucleus is twice as high as the NPC density of the sperm nuclei. In a few cases, embryos formed suspensor-like structures with a NPC density of 9 NPCs/mu m(2), indicating a lower nucleocytoplasmic exchange of the nuclei of the suspensor cells than with the nuclei in the embryo proper. In addition, observations on NPCs and other organelles, obtained by high resolution cryo-scanning microscopy, are presented.