Projections of physical conditions in the Gulf of Maine in 2050

The Gulf of Maine (GoM) is currently experiencing its warmest period in the instrumental record. Two high-resolution numerical ocean models were used to downscale global climate projections to produce four estimates of ocean physical properties in the GoM in 2050 for the "business as usual" carbon emission scenario. All simulations project increases in the GoM mean sea surface temperature (of 1.1 degrees C-2.4 degrees C) and bottom temperature (of 1.5 degrees C-2.1 degrees C). In terms of mean vertical structure, all simulations project temperature increases throughout the water column (surface-to-bottom changes of 0.2 degrees C-0.5 degrees C). The GoM volume-averaged changes in temperature range from 1.5 degrees C to 2.3 degrees C. Translated to rates, the sea surface temperature projections are all greater than the observed 100-year rate, with two projections below and two above the observed 1982-2013 rate. Sea surface salinity changes are more variable, with three of four simulations projecting decreases. Bottom salinity changes vary spatially and between projections, with three simulations projecting varying increases in deeper waters but decreases in shallower zones and one simulation projecting a salinity increase in all bottom waters. In terms of mean vertical structure, salinity structure varies, with two simulations projecting surface decreases that switch sign with depth and two projecting increases throughout the (subsurface) water column. Three simulations show a difference between coastal and deeper waters whereby the coastal zone is projected to be systematically fresher than deeper waters, by as much as 0.2 g kg(-1). Stratification, 50 m to surface, is projected to increase in all simulations, with rates ranging from 0.003 to 0.006 kg m(-4) century(-1) which are lower than the observed change on the Scotian Shelf. The results from these simulations can be used to assess potential acidification and ecosystem changes in the GoM.