In vivo production of cytokines and β (C-C) chemokines in human recurrent herpes simplex lesions -: Do herpes simplex virus-infected keratinocytes contribute to their production?

Recurrent human herpes simplex lesions are infiltrated by macrophages and CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes, which secrete cytokines and chemokines. Vesicle fluid was examined by ELISA for the presence of cytokines and beta (C-C) chemokines. On the first day of the lesion, high concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1 beta and IL-6, moderate concentrations of IL-1 alpha and IL-10, and low concentrations of IL-12 and beta chemokines were found; levels of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1 beta were significantly higher than levels of MIP-1 alpha and RANTES. At day 3, the concentrations of IL-1 beta, IL-6, and MIP-1 beta were lower, whereas the levels of IL-10, IL-12, and MIP-1 alpha remained similar, and the level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha was now detectable. Herpes simplex virus infection of keratinocytes in vitro stimulated production of beta chemokines followed by IL-12 and then IL-10, IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, and IL-6, indicating a potential role for these events in early recruitment, activation, and interferon-gamma production of CD4 cells in herpetic lesions.