Atypical Antipsychotic Medications Are Independently Associated With Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Background: Atypical antipsychotic (AA) medications are widely prescribed for their Food and Drug Administration-approved uses (acute mania, bipolar mania, psychotic agitation, bipolar maintenance, etc) and off-label indications. Although AA medications are associated with substantial weight gain, their tranquilizing effects may independently contribute to risk of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) perhaps, by a reduction in activity of hypoglossal or recurrent activity of laryngeal nerve on the upper motor airway musculature. Methods: We hypothesized that AA medications are associated with more severe OSA independent of weight and neck circumference. Medical intake data and polysomnographic studies of patients referred to community hospital sleep disorders center were analyzed retrospectively. Results: Mean age of patients was 49.1 years, 55.1% were male, and mean body mass index (BMI) was 33.8 kg/m(2). Sixty-eight patients (8.1%) were taking AA at the time of polysomnography. There were no differences in age, sex, neck circumference and BMI of AA versus non-AA patients. The mean (SE) apnea-hypopnea index values were 29.2 (3.5)/h in AA patients and 21.3 (0.8)/h in non-AA patients (P = 0.03). Thirty-four percent of AA patients had severe OSA (apnea-hypopnea index > 30/h) compared with 23% of non-AA patients (P = 0.04). When adjusted for BMI, sex, and use of benzodiazepines and sleeping aids, the odds ratios of severe OSA in AA patients were 1.9 times in non-AA patients (95% confidence interval, 1.1-3.3). Conclusions: Atypical antipsychotic medication use may increase the risk of more severe OSA independent of weight and neck circumference.