Iron-based magnetic nanoparticles for magnetic resonance imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been an extensive area of research owing to its depth of penetration for clinical diagnosis. Signal intensity under MRI is related to both T-1, spin-lattice relaxation, and T-2, spin-spin relaxation. To increase the contrast variability under MRI, several contrast agents are being used, i.e. T-1 contrast agents (e.g. gadolinium) and T-2 contrast agents (e.g. iron-based magnetic nanoparticles). These contrast agents are administered prior to scanning to increase contrast visibility. They reduce the T-1 and T-2 relaxation times to produce hyperintense and hypointense signals, respectively. Tunable properties of iron-based magnetic nanoparticles and several coating materials provide a platform to get superb MRI contrast in T-2 weighted images. It has been found that contrast enhancement by iron-based magnetic nanoparticles is dependent on the size, shape, composition, surface, and magnetic properties which can be tuned with the synthesis method and coating material. Therefore, understanding the synthesis method and properties of magnetic nanoparticles is vital to contribute to MR signal enhancement which is directing the scientist to design engineered iron-based magnetic nanoparticles. This paper introduces the concept of MRI contrast enhancement. We mainly discuss the synthesis of T-2 contrast agents, i.e. iron-based magnetic nanoparticles and the modification of these T-2 contrast agents by coating followed by their biomedical applications. (C) 2018 The Society of Powder Technology Japan. Published by Elsevier B.V. and The Society of Powder Technology Japan. All rights reserved.