Association between HPV detection in swab samples and tissue specimens and ophthalmic pterygium recurrence

Purpose To investigate the presence of HPV on the ocular surface after surgical excision of HPV infected pterygia and the possible correlation of HPV with pterygium postoperative recurrence. Materials and methods Both exfoliative pterygium swab samples and respective tissue specimens were received and analyzed with real-time PCR for the detection of HPV-infected pterygia. In addition, swab samples from patients that had HPV-infected pterygia with no recurrence after 1 year of follow-up, as well as swab samples from patients with healthy conjunctiva, were analyzed. Results Forty eyes with pterygium of 40 patients and 40 eyes with normal conjunctiva were included in the study. HPV virus was detected in the tissue specimens of 11 patients (27.5%) and in the swabs of 9 patients (22.5%). The HPV subtypes detected were 33, 39, 45, 56, 59, 66, and 68. The swab test had sensitivity of 81.82% and 100% specificity. In 15 (43%) patients, a bare sclera technique was used for pterygium removal and eleven of these patients showed recurrence of the disease. Surgical excision with use of autologous conjunctival graft was performed in twenty patients and five of them had recurrence. Patients with recurrent disease were 12.41 times more likely to have an HPV-infected pterygium (p =0.031). Furthermore, from the 11 HPV positive patients, six had no recurrence, 1 year after surgery. In five of them, a swab sample was taken from the site of the surgical excision 1 year after surgery and real-time PCR was negative for HPV presence. Conclusion Persistence of HPV infection seems to be correlated with postoperative pterygium recurrence. Further investigation with the use of the minimally invasive proposed swab technique may contribute in the understanding of pterygium pathogenesis and in the development of a more efficient treatment planning.