Solar Cycle Indices from the Photosphere to the Corona: Measurements and Underlying Physics

A variety of indices have been proposed in order to represent the many different observables modulated by the solar cycle. Most of these indices are highly correlated with each other owing to their intrinsic link with the solar magnetism and the dominant eleven year cycle, but their variations may differ in fine details, as well as on short- and long-term trends. In this paper we present an overview of the indices that are often employed to describe the many features of the solar cycle, moving from the ones referring to direct observations of the inner solar atmosphere, the photosphere and chromosphere, to those deriving from measurements of the transition region and solar corona. For each index, we summarize existing measurements and typical use, and for those that quantify physical observables, we describe the underlying physics.