The educational environment of colleges and universities is gradually liberalized, which leads to the increase in the competition of the high-quality teachers. As a result, human resource management of college teachers has become an important element to enhance the core competitiveness of universities. How to manage the human resources of high-quality teachers in colleges and universities has become one of the urgent problems for management to be solved. For this, this paper describes the theory of human resource management of university teachers from the perspective of core competitiveness. This paper also analyzes the existing problems of human resource management in Chinese colleges and universities, which mainly focuses on the concept, mechanism and system of management. Finally, based on these problems, this paper puts forward the strategies of optimizing the human resources management for university teachers, in order to provide some references for improving the core competitiveness of colleges and universities.