Drivers of diversity in Macaronesian spiders and the role of species extinctions

被引:121
作者
Cardoso, Pedro [1 ,2 ]
Arnedo, Miquel A. [3 ,4 ]
Triantis, Kostas A. [1 ,5 ]
Borges, Paulo A. V. [1 ]
机构
[1] Univ Acores, Azorean Biodivers Grp CITA A, Dept Ciencias Agr, P-9701851 Terra Cha, Angra Heroismo, Portugal
[2] Smithsonian Inst, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Washington, DC 20560 USA
[3] Univ Barcelona, Biodivers Res Inst, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
[4] Univ Barcelona, Dept Anim Biol, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
[5] Univ Oxford, Ctr Environm, Biodivers Res Grp, Oxford OX1 3QY, England
关键词
Araneae; Azores; Canary Islands; deforestation; habitat loss; indicator taxa; island age; Madeira; Selvagens; species-area relationship; GENUS DYSDERA ARANEAE; CANARY-ISLANDS; SEQUENTIAL COLONIZATION; BEETLES COLEOPTERA; PHOLCUS ARANEAE; DIVERSIFICATION; RADIATION; ARCHIPELAGO; AREA; PHOLCIDAE;
D O I
10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02264.x
中图分类号
Q14 [生态学(生物生态学)];
学科分类号
071012 ; 0713 ;
摘要
Aim To identify the biogeographical factors underlying spider species richness in the Macaronesian region and assess the importance of species extinctions in shaping the current diversity. Location The European archipelagos of Macaronesia with an emphasis on the Azores and Canary Islands. Methods Seven variables were tested as predictors of single-island endemics (SIE), archipelago endemics and indigenous spider species richness in the Azores, Canary Islands and Macaronesia as a whole: island area; geological age; maximum elevation; distance from mainland; distance from the closest island; distance from an older island; and natural forest area remaining per island - a measure of deforestation (the latter only in the Azores). Different mathematical formulations of the general dynamic model of oceanic island biogeography (GDM) were also tested. Results Island area and the proportion of remaining natural forest were the best predictors of species richness in the Azores. In the Canary Islands, area alone did not explain the richness of spiders. However, a hump-shaped relationship between richness and time was apparent in these islands. The island richness in Macaronesia was correlated with island area, geological age, maximum elevation and distance to mainland. Main conclusions In Macaronesia as a whole, area, island age, the large distance that separates the Azores from the mainland, and the recent disappearance of native habitats with subsequent unrecorded extinctions seem to be the most probable explanations for the current observed richness. In the Canary Islands, the GDM model is strongly supported by many genera that radiated early, reached a peak at intermediate island ages, and have gone extinct on older, eroded islands. In the Azores, the unrecorded extinctions of many species in the oldest, most disturbed islands seem to be one of the main drivers of the current richness patterns. Spiders, the most important terrestrial predators on these islands, may be acting as early indicators for the future disappearance of other insular taxa.
引用
收藏
页码:1034 / 1046
页数:13
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