Electro-optic modulation in integrated photonics

被引:171
作者
Sinatkas, Georgios [1 ]
Christopoulos, Thomas [1 ]
Tsilipakos, Odysseas [2 ]
Kriezis, Emmanouil E. [1 ]
机构
[1] Aristotle Univ Thessaloniki, Sch Elect & Comp Engn, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
[2] Fdn Res & Technol Hellas FORTH IESL, Inst Elect Struct & Laser, GR-70013 Iraklion, Greece
关键词
MACH-ZEHNDER MODULATOR; FILM LITHIUM-NIOBATE; ORGANIC HYBRID SOH; GRAPHENE ELECTROABSORPTION MODULATOR; SILICON MICRORING MODULATOR; PULSE-AMPLITUDE-MODULATION; QUANTUM-WELL STRUCTURES; PHASE-CHANGE MATERIALS; LOW SWITCHING VOLTAGE; HIGH-SPEED;
D O I
10.1063/5.0048712
中图分类号
O59 [应用物理学];
学科分类号
摘要
Electro-optic modulators are an indispensable part of photonic communication systems, largely dictating the achievable transmission rate. Recent advances in materials and fabrication/processing techniques have brought new elements and a renewed dynamic to research on optical modulation. Motivated by the new opportunities, this Perspective reviews the state of the art in integrated electro-optic modulators, covering a broad range of contemporary materials and integrated platforms. To provide a better overview of the status of current modulators, an assessment of the different material platforms is conducted on the basis of common performance metrics: extinction ratio, insertion loss, electro-optic bandwidth, driving voltage, and footprint. The main physical phenomena exploited for electro-optic modulation are first introduced, aiming to provide a self-contained reference to researchers in physics and engineering. Additionally, we take care to highlight topics that can be overlooked and require attention, such as the accurate calculation of carrier density distribution and energy consumption, the correct modeling of thin and two-dimensional materials, and the nature of contact electrodes. Finally, a future outlook for the different electro-optic materials is provided, anticipating the research and performance trends in the years to come.
引用
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页数:35
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