US Adolescent and Adult Women's Experiences Accessing and Using Toilets in Schools, Workplaces, and Public Spaces: A Multi-Site Focus Group Study to Inform Future Research in Bladder Health

被引：31

作者：

Camenga, Deepa R. ^{[1
,21
]}

Brady, Sonya S. ^{[2
,18
]}

Hardacker, Cecilia T. ^{[3
,14
]}

Williams, Beverly R. ^{[4
]}

Hebert-Beirne, Jeni ^{[5
]}

James, Aimee S. ^{[6
,20
]}

Burgio, Kathryn ^{[7
,8
]}

Nodora, Jesse ^{[9
,10
]}

Wyman, Jean F. ^{[11
]}

Berry, Amanda ^{[12
,19
]}

Low, Lisa K. ^{[13
]}

Brubaker, Linda ^{[14
]}

Mueller, Elizabeth R. ^{[14
]}

Fitzgerald, Colleen M. ^{[14
]}

Hebert-Beirne, Jennifer M. ^{[14
]}

Lavender, Missy ^{[14
]}

Shoham, David A. ^{[14
]}

Burgio, Kathryn L. ^{[15
]}

Lewis, Cora E. ^{[15
]}

Markland, Alayne ^{[15
]}

McGwin, Gerald, Jr. ^{[15
]}

Vaughan, Camille ^{[15
]}

Williams, Beverly Rosa ^{[15
]}

Lukacz, Emily S. ^{[16
]}

Gahagan, Sheila ^{[16
]}

LaCoursiere, D. Yvette ^{[16
]}

Nodora, Jesse N. ^{[9
,10
]}

Miller, Janis M. ^{[17
]}

An, Lawrence Chin-, I ^{[17
]}

Low, Lisa Kane ^{[17
]}

Harlow, Bernard L. ^{[18
]}

Rudser, Kyle D. ^{[18
]}

Chu, Haitao ^{[18
]}

Connett, John ^{[18
]}

Constantine, Melissa ^{[18
]}

Fok, Cynthia ^{[18
]}

Lindberg, Sarah ^{[18
]}

Rockwood, Todd ^{[18
]}

Newman, Diane Kaschak ^{[19
]}

Epperson, C. Neill ^{[19
]}

Schmitz, Kathryn H. ^{[19
]}

Smith, Ariana L. ^{[19
]}

Stapleton, Ann ^{[19
]}

Wyman, Jean ^{[19
]}

Sutcliffe, Siobhan ^{[20
]}

Lowder, Jerry L. ^{[20
]}

Rickey, Leslie ^{[21
]}

Cunningham, Shayna D. ^{[21
]}

Chai, Toby ^{[21
]}

Lewis, Jessica B. ^{[21
]}

机构：

[1] Yale Sch Med, Dept Emergency Med, New Haven, CT 06519 USA

[2] Univ Minnesota, Div Epidemiol & Community Hlth, Sch Publ Hlth, Minneapolis, MN 55454 USA

[3] Howard Brown Hlth, Dept Educ, Ctr Educ Res & Advocacy, Chicago, IL 60613 USA

[4] Univ Alabama Birmingham, Dept Med, Div Gerontol Geriatr & Palliat Care, Birmingham, AL 35233 USA

[5] Univ Illinois, Sch Publ Hlth, Div Community Hlth Sci, Chicago, IL 60612 USA

[6] Washington Univ, Dept Surg, Div Publ Hlth Sci, Sch Med, St Louis, MO 63110 USA

[7] Univ Alabama Birmingham, Dept Med, Birmingham, AL 35233 USA

[8] Dept Vet Affairs, Birmingham, AL 35233 USA

[9] Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Dept Family Med & Publ Hlth, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA

[10] Moores Canc Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA

[11] Univ Minnesota, Sch Nursing, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA

[12] Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA

[13] Univ Michigan, Sch Nursing, Dept Hlth Behav & Biol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA

[14] Loyola Univ Chicago, 2160 S 1st Ave, Maywood, IL 60153 USA

[15] Univ Alabama Birmingham, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA

[16] Univ Calif San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA

[17] Univ Michigan, 500 S State St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA

[18] Univ Minnesota, 3 Morrill Hall,100 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA

[19] Univ Penn Urol, 3rd FL West,Perelman Bldg,34th & Spruce St, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA

[20] Washington Univ, St Louis, MO 63130 USA

[21] Yale Univ, POB 208058, New Haven, CT 06520 USA

[22] NIDDK, NIH Program Off, Div Kidney Urol & Hematol Dis, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA

来源：

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH | 2019年 / 16卷 / 18期

基金：

美国国家卫生研究院;

关键词：

bladder health; female; toilet; qualitative research; focus groups; URINARY-TRACT SYMPTOMS; CHILDRENS EXPERIENCES; INCONTINENCE; DYSFUNCTION; SANITATION;

D O I：

10.3390/ijerph16183338

中图分类号：

X [环境科学、安全科学];

学科分类号：

08 ; 0830 ;

摘要：

The World Health Organization recognizes access to clean and safe toilets as crucial for public health. This study explored U.S. adolescent and adult cisgender women's lived experiences accessing toilets in schools, workplaces, and public spaces. As part of the Prevention of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (PLUS) Research Consortium, we conducted 44 focus groups with female participants (n = 360; ages 11-93). Focus groups were stratified by age (11-14, 15-17, 18-25, 26-44, 45-64, 65+) and conducted across 7 geographically diverse U.S. sites from July 2017-April 2018. Using a transdisciplinary approach, we conducted conventional qualitative coding informed by our PLUS conceptual framework and used content analysis processes to identify salient themes. Across settings, toilet access was restricted by "gatekeepers" (i.e., individuals who control access to toilets). In contrast, self-restricting toilet use (deciding not to use the toilet despite biologic need to urinate) was based on internalized norms to prioritize school and job responsibilities over urination. In public spaces, self-restricting use was largely in response to lack of cleanliness. Across the life course, participants perceived gender disparities in the ability to easily access public toilets. Further research is needed to determine if and how these factors impact bladder health across the life course.

引用

页数：16

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