Evaluation of Risk of Gastrostomy and Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Placement in Pediatric Patients: A Systematic Review of the Literature

A subset of patients with neurologic deficits require ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) placement in addition to gastrostomy tubes (GTs). At present, the literature is inconsistent with respect to the sequence and time period between procedures that yields the lowest risk profile for GT and VPS placement. The purpose of this systematic literature review was to determine if time elapsed between VPS and GT placement was associated with infection (peritoneal and/or CSF). A systematic literature review was performed in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2009 guidelines. PubMEd/MEDLINE, Scopus, Ovid, Cochrane, and EMBASE databases were queried. Precise search terminology is available in the body of the manuscript. The initial database query yielded 88 unique articles. After abstract screening, 28 articles were identified and 6 met criteria for inclusion in the final analysis. The included studies were all retrospective analyses and reported data for 217 patients between the years of 1988 and 2016. Across all included studies, the infection rate after VPS and GT placement during the studies' surveillance period was 15.2% (n = 33/217). The cumulative rate of all reported complications in patients with both VPS and GT was 24.0% (n = 52/217). These studies suggest that placement of GT in patients with preexisting VPS does not significantly contribute to increased shunt or intraperitoneal infection. Future studies should determine the optimal time interval between VPS and GT placement and to identify the most appropriate prophylactic antibiotic regimen.