Photocatalytic conversion of sodium lignosulfonate into vanillin using mesoporous TiO2 derived from MIL-125

Mesoporous TiO2 with regular pancake-like morphology was synthesized by facile calcination of MIL-125 (MIL = Materials of Institut Lavoisier) at different temperatures. The optimal sample MT400 (calcination at 400 degrees C) is composed of nanoparticles with a size of about 10 nm and mesopores of about 4-12 nm. Its specific surface area can reach up to 174 m(2) g(-1). In the photocatalytic conversion of sodium lignosulfonate, the yield of vanillin over MT400 is 2.1 mg/g, obviously superior to that over P25 TiO2 (0.27 mg/g). MT400 with a large specific surface area offers sufficient active sites, and its mesoporous structure provides pathways for the transport of charge carriers and products, giving a satisfactory photocatalytic performance for vanillin generation. It is proved that h(+) and center dot O-2(-) play the key role for vanillin generation from sodium lignosulfonate. This work indicates that MOF-derived metal oxides hold great promise in the application of biomass (photo)catalytic valorization.