Catalytic Formylation of Primary and Secondary Amines with CO2 and H2 Using Abundant-Metal Catalysts

Catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 is an efficient and selective way to prepare formic acid derivatives, but most of the highly active catalysts used for this purpose require precious metals. In this study, in situ abundant-metal complexes have been evaluated as potential catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation to prepare formamides, including N-formylmorpholine, 2-ethylhexylformamide, and dimethylformamide, from the corresponding amines. From these initial screening results, the most active catalysts for these reactions were found to be MX2/dmpe in situ catalysts (M = Fe(II), Ni(II); X = Cl-, CH3CO2-, acac(-); dmpe = 1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane) in DMSO. The optimal reaction conditions were found to be 100-135 degrees C and a total pressure of 100 bar. Morpholine was formylated with a TON value of up to 18000, which is the highest TON for the hydrogenation of CO2 to formamides using any abundant-metal-phosphine complex. With an appropriate selection of catalyst and reaction conditions, >90-98% conversion of amine to formamide could be achieved.