Thyroid size and goiter prevalence after introduction of iodized salt:: a 5-y prospective study in schoolchildren in Cote d'Ivoire

Background: The long-term goal of salt iodization is elimination of iodine deficiency and reduction of the goiter rate to < 5% in school-aged children. Normalization of the goiter rate probably indicates disappearance of iodine deficiency disorders as a public health problem. However, thyroid size may not return to normal for months or years after correction of iodine deficiency. Objective: We described the time course and pattern of changes in thyroid size and goiter rate in response to the introduction of iodized salt in an area of severe endemic goiter. Design: In a 5-y prospective study, we measured thyroid size by ultrasonography and urinary iodine and thyroid hormone concentrations in schoolchildren 6 mo before the introduction of iodized salt and annually for 4 y thereafter. Results: Four years after the introduction of iodized salt and normalization of the median urinary iodine concentration, mean thyroid size had decreased 56% (P < 0.0001). However, 29% of the children remained goitrous, with a significant age shift in the distribution of goiter. At baseline, the goiter rate was significantly higher in younger (age: 5-9 y) than in older (age: 10-14 y) children (P < 0.0001). At 2, 3, and 4 y after salt iodization, the goiter rate was significantly higher in the older than in the younger children (at 4 y: 52% compared with 19%), and the difference increased with time (P < 0.0001). Conclusion: The goiter rate in school-aged children may remain sharply elevated for up to 4 y after successful introduction of iodized salt, primarily because of persistent goiter in older children.