Pickering emulsions stabilized by anatase nanoparticles

Oil-in-water emulsions can be stabilized by solid particles. These so-called Pickering emulsions are regularly used in many technological applications. Here we describe the efficiency of sol-gel-synthesized anatase nanoparticles with a diameter of 6 nm in stabilizing emulsions. Key parameters were the surface charge of the particles-depending on pH and salt concentration-and their contact angle-depending on the surface groups and the polarity of the oil phase. The effect of these properties on the stability of the emulsions was investigated. The sol-gel nanoparticles were most efficient in stabilizing emulsions at pH 3 (depending on the salt and particle concentration). Highly apolar oil phases (cyclohexane, n-hexane) were required to obtain stable emulsions with the investigated system and addition of salt or hydrophobic coupling molecules in the oil phase, such as long alkyl chain containing phosphonates, increased the stability of the emulsions.