A NEW LINEAGE-BASED TRIBAL CLASSIFICATION OF THE FAMILY CARYOPHYLLACEAE

Understanding the relationships within the Caryophyllaceae has been difficult, in part because of arbitrarily and poorly defined genera and difficulty in determining phylogenetically useful morphological characters. This study represents the most complete phylogenetic analysis of the family to date, with particular focus on the genera and relationships within the large subfamily Alsinoideae, using molecular characters to examine the monophyly of taxa and the validity of the current taxonomy as well as to resolve the obscure origins of divergent taxa such as the endemic Hawaiian Schiedea. Maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses of three chloroplast gene regions (matK, trnL-F, and rps16) from 81 newly sampled and 65 GenBank specimens reveal that several tribes and genera, especially within the Alsinoideae, are not monophyletic. Large genera such as Arenaria and Minuartia are polyphyletic, as are several smaller genera. The phylogenies reveal that the closest relatives to Schiedea are a pair of widespread, largely Arctic taxa, Honckenya peploides and Wilhelmsia physodes. More importantly, the three traditional subfamilies (Alsinoideae, Caryophylloideae, and Paronychioideae) are not reflective of natural groups; we propose abandoning this classification in favor of a new system that recognizes major lineages of the molecular phylogeny at the tribal level. A new tribe, Eremogoneae Rabeler & W.L. Wagner, is described here.