Outcomes research in non-specific low back pain Knowledge transfer in clinical practice

Objective The aims of this article are to provide an overview and discuss current concepts and future trends in outcomes research in non-specific low back pain, specifically considering the perspective of patients, patient-reported outcomes and outcome measures as well as to facilitate knowledge transfer into clinical practice. Review strategy The breadth of this work and the required brevity of this article were not amenable to a formal approach, such as a systematic literature review or a formal scoping review. Literature sources were identified through medical databases but different sources of information and of various methodologies were also included. Furthermore, outcomes meaningful for patients and examples of outcome measures that are applicable in clinical practice were extracted. Areas for future research were identified and discussed. Results Patient-reported outcomes and outcome measures are essential in patient-centered care. The assessment of the patients' perspective is important to ensure motivation, active involvement, self-management and adherence, especially in non-pharmacological interventions for low back pain. To facilitate the use of outcome measurements for low back pain in clinical practice, future studies should focus on a clinically feasible index, which includes patient-reported as well as clinician-reported or performance-based variables. Relationships between different types of outcomes and outcome measures as well as resource and outcome-based healthcare constitute important topics for future research. New digital technologies can support continuous outcome measurement and might enable new patient-driven models of care. Conclusion Active patient involvement is an essential part of non-pharmacological treatment in low back pain and needs to be considered in terms of outcomes and outcome measurement.