The effect of water demand management in showers on household energy use

被引:25
作者
Binks, Amanda N. [1 ]
Kenway, Steven J. [1 ]
Lant, Paul A. [1 ]
机构
[1] Univ Queensland, Sch Chem Engn, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
关键词
Water; Energy; Material flow analysis; Greenhouse gas emissions; Residential; Demand management; RESOURCE-EFFICIENT; URBAN WATER; CONSERVATION; EMISSIONS; HEATERS; SERVICE; BRAZIL;
D O I
10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.04.128
中图分类号
X [环境科学、安全科学];
学科分类号
08 ; 0830 ;
摘要
This paper explores the range of potential energy use impacts of shower water demand management in a case study of five highly characterised households in Melbourne (Australia), and assesses the difference in energy and cost responses for four different hot water system types. Results show that a shift to four minute showers (from current durations of between six and ten minutes) would lead to a reduction of between 0.1 and 3.8 kWh p(-1) d(-1) in the households studied, comprising between 9% and 64% of baseline hot water system energy use. Contrasted with an average energy use for water service provision in Melbourne of 0.3 kWh p(-1) d(-1), such household reductions demonstrate significant potential for urban water cycle energy management. Combined water and energy (natural gas) cost savings in response to the four-minute shower scenario were $37 to $500 hh(-1) y(-1) in the households studied. Energy cost savings would be more significant for households with electric storage hot water systems than those with gas systems, at $39 to $900 hh(-1) y(-1), due to higher variable tariffs for electricity than natural gas in Victoria ($0.2678 kWh(-1) vs $0.0625 kWh(-1)). Households with electric storage hot water systems may therefore have greater financial incentive to participate in water-related energy demand management (assuming similar tariff structures). (c) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
引用
收藏
页码:177 / 189
页数:13
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