Aim: To test the versatility and usefulness of a prototype rigid endoscopc with a continuously variable-view-angle tip (Endochamaeleon, Karl Storz, Tuttlingen, Germany) with regard to field of vision and applicability for endoscopic assisted neurosurgery. Methods: In five formaldehyde fixed specimens frontolateral and retrosignioid approaches were prepared on both sides and five target positions of the endoscopes tip were defined. A rigid 4 unit endoscope, which offers in one plane a viewing range of approxilliately -10 degrees to +120 degrees by turning a proximal knob Coupled to fine distal optornechanics was compared to 0 degrees, 45 degrees, and 70 degrees rigid endoscopes. The visualizable neuroanatomical structures were assessed for each position, endoscope angle, and plane of view as well as the over-all visibility of neuroanatomical structures and the time factor. Results: 1905 recorded images of 1800 different views were analyzed. The EC offers a variable angle of view in one plane without [iced to change the endoscope position. This feature is well suited for inspection of functionally delicate areas at the skull base. The maximum number of visible structures for each position was only seen with the EC. Endoscopic exploration was significantly less time consuming with the EC than with the other endoscopes. Conclusion: The EC provided superior usability and visualization potential compared to standard rigid endoscopes with fixed angulation. It combines the ergonomic and safety advantage of not having to insert endoscopes with different angles with the opportunity to "scan" the surgical field with a variable angle of 0 degrees-120 degrees within one plane of view. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
