The Pathogenic Implication of Abnormal Interaction Between Apolipoprotein E Isoforms, Amyloid-beta Peptides, and Sulfatides in Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia in the aging population. Prior work has shown that the epsilon 4 allele of apolipoprotein E (apoE4) is a major risk factor for "sporadic" AD, which accounts for > 99% of AD cases without a defined underlying mechanism. Recently, we have demonstrated that sulfatides are substantially and specifically depleted at the very early stage of AD. To identify the mechanism(s) of sulfatide loss concurrent with AD onset, we have found that: (1) sulfatides are specifically associated with apoE-associated particles in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); (2) apoE modulates cellular sulfatide levels; and (3) the modulation of sulfatide content is apoE isoform dependent. These findings not only lead to identification of the potential mechanisms underlying sulfatide depletion at the earliest stages of AD but also serve as mechanistic links to explain the genetic association of apoE4 with AD. Moreover, our recent studies further demonstrated that (1) apoE mediates sulfatide depletion in amyloid-beta precursor protein transgenic mice; (2) sulfatides enhance amyloid beta (A beta) peptides binding to apoE-associated particles; (3) A beta 42 content notably correlates with sulfatide content in CSF; (4) sulfatides markedly enhance the uptake of A beta peptides; and (5) abnormal sulfatide-facilitated A beta uptake results in the accumulation of A beta in lysosomes. Collectively, our studies clearly provide a link between apoE, A beta, and sulfatides in AD and establish a foundation for the development of effective therapeutic interventions for AD.